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Feni is a district-level city in southeastern Bangladesh, situated within the Chattogram Division along the Feni River basin. Located approximately 160 kilometers southeast of Dhaka and 90 kilometers northwest of Chattogram city, Feni occupies a strategic position in the country's transportation corridor connecting the capital with the major port city. The city's terrain is predominantly flat alluvial plain typical of the Ganges-Brahmaputra delta region, with elevations generally below 10 meters above sea level, creating conditions conducive to pollutant accumulation. Feni River flows through the city, providing some natural ventilation but also contributing to humidity that can trap pollutants. The urban area represents a transitional zone between the industrial belt extending from Dhaka toward Chattogram and the agricultural heartlands of southeastern Bangladesh, resulting in mixed pollution sources from both urban activities and surrounding farming regions. Feni's location places it within the broader Meghna River floodplain, surrounded by rice paddies, jute fields, and small-scale aquaculture ponds that contribute agricultural emissions. The city's urban-rural gradient shows dense central areas with traditional markets and residential zones gradually giving way to peri-urban settlements and farmland. This geographical setting creates a complex air quality dynamic where local urban emissions from transportation, brick kilns, and domestic fuel combustion interact with regional agricultural burning and industrial pollution transported from nearby urban centers, all within a low-lying basin that experiences limited natural air circulation.

Feni experiences distinct seasonal air quality patterns shaped by the South Asian monsoon cycle. During winter (December-February), cool temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants close to the ground, creating the year's worst air quality conditions. Morning fog often combines with smoke from brick kilns and biomass burning to create hazardous haze, making these months particularly challenging for respiratory health. The pre-monsoon spring (March-May) brings rising temperatures and occasional thunderstorms that provide some cleansing rainfall, but agricultural burning and increased construction activity before the monsoon can maintain elevated pollution levels. The summer monsoon (June-September) dramatically improves air quality as southwest winds bring heavy rainfall that effectively scrubs pollutants from the atmosphere, with July and August typically offering the cleanest air of the year. Sensitive groups should prioritize outdoor activities during these monsoon months when pollution dispersion is optimal. Post-monsoon autumn (October-November) sees gradually deteriorating conditions as rainfall decreases and agricultural residue burning increases, though conditions remain better than winter months. Throughout the year, wind patterns play a crucial role, with pollutants from Dhaka and Chattogram sometimes transported toward Feni depending on wind direction. Sensitive individuals including children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions should minimize outdoor exposure during winter mornings when inversion layers are strongest and consider wearing masks during peak pollution periods.