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Cox's Bazar, situated along the southeastern coast of Bangladesh in the Chittagong Division, occupies a distinctive geographic position that profoundly influences its air quality dynamics. The city stretches along the world's longest natural sea beach, approximately 120 kilometers, with the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Chittagong Hill Tracts to the east, creating a narrow coastal plain that funnels air currents. This urban center lies at a low elevation, generally less than 10 meters above sea level, which traps pollutants near the ground, especially during calm weather conditions. The surrounding landscape transitions from sandy beaches and tidal flats to densely populated urban areas, refugee camps, and peri-urban zones with mixed land use, including fish processing facilities and ongoing hotel construction. Proximity to the Bay of Bengal introduces sea breezes that can disperse pollution, but the city's location within a tropical wet-and-dry climate zone means seasonal variations in wind patterns significantly affect air quality. The urban-rural gradient is sharp, with Cox's Bazar serving as a major tourist hub and administrative center, leading to concentrated emissions from vehicles, biomass burning, and industrial activities. The region lacks a heavy industrial belt but faces pollution from local sources like road dust from unpaved areas and emissions from the nearby Kutupalong refugee camp, one of the world's largest. This geographic setting, combined with rapid urbanization and environmental pressures, creates a complex air quality scenario where coastal influences and topographic constraints interplay to exacerbate pollution episodes, particularly during dry months when natural ventilation is minimal.

In Cox's Bazar, air quality follows a pronounced seasonal pattern driven by the tropical wet-and-dry climate, with pollution peaking from December to March during the dry winter season. During these months, cooler temperatures and stable atmospheric conditions, including frequent temperature inversions, trap pollutants near the ground, compounded by low wind speeds and occasional fog that reduces dispersion. Vehicle exhaust, road dust from tourist traffic, and emissions from fish processing and domestic biomass burning accumulate, making this period the worst for air quality; sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor activities and use masks. From April to June, the pre-monsoon season brings rising temperatures and increased heat, which can elevate ozone levels, but sporadic thunderstorms provide some cleansing, though air quality remains moderate due to ongoing construction and dust. The monsoon season from July to September offers relief, as heavy rainfall from the southwest monsoon washes pollutants from the air, and strong sea breezes enhance ventilation, making this the best time for outdoor activities with generally cleaner air. From October to November, the post-monsoon transition sees reducing rainfall and returning stable conditions, leading to a gradual buildup of pollution as dry weather resumes. Throughout the year, weather hazards like cyclones and flooding can temporarily disrupt pollution sources but may also stir up dust and debris, affecting short-term air quality. For health guidance, avoiding peak pollution months is advisable, with emphasis on indoor air filtration during winter and monitoring local advisories during extreme heat or storm events.