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Latifpur, a small urban centre within the Dhaka District of Bangladesh, occupies a low-lying position in the Bengal Delta at coordinates 24.1283°N, 90.1398°E. The terrain is remarkably flat, characteristic of alluvial plains formed by the Brahmaputra and Ganges rivers. This flatness contributes to poor natural dispersion of pollutants. The surrounding landscape is dominated by intensely cultivated agricultural land, primarily rice paddies, interspersed with small settlements and waterways. Latifpur’s proximity to Dhaka city, a major industrial and commercial hub, is a significant factor influencing its air quality; prevailing winds often carry pollutants from the capital. The Buriganga River, though vital for transport, also contributes to localised pollution through vessel emissions and waste discharge. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a rapid transition from densely populated areas to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces seasonal biomass burning, particularly after harvests, adding to particulate matter concentrations. The lack of significant elevation and dense vegetation cover limits natural air purification processes, making Latifpur particularly vulnerable to air pollution accumulation. The deltaic environment also experiences frequent flooding, which can mobilise pollutants and exacerbate air quality issues.

Latifpur’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by the monsoon and post-monsoon climate. The pre-monsoon months (March-May) are typically the worst, with rising temperatures and stagnant air leading to increased concentrations of particulate matter and ozone. Dust from construction and brick kilns, common in the region, exacerbates the problem. The arrival of the monsoon (June-September) brings temporary relief, as rainfall washes away pollutants and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, flooding can redistribute contaminants. Post-monsoon (October-November) sees a resurgence of pollution as temperatures cool and wind speeds decrease, trapping emissions. This period often coincides with agricultural burning after the rice harvest, significantly impacting air quality. Winter (December-February) brings cooler, drier conditions and frequent temperature inversions, creating a stable atmospheric layer that traps pollutants near the ground. Sensitive individuals, including children and the elderly, should limit outdoor activity during these peak pollution periods. Avoiding strenuous exercise outdoors during March-May and October-November is advisable. Monitoring local conditions and using respiratory protection when necessary are crucial for maintaining health.