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Rangpur, situated in northern Bangladesh's Rangpur Division, occupies a strategic position in the agriculturally intensive Brahmaputra River basin, approximately 300 kilometers northwest of Dhaka. The city lies on the flat alluvial plains of the Tista River floodplain at an elevation of just 34 meters above sea level, creating a low-lying urban landscape prone to waterlogging. This terrain, combined with Rangpur's location far from major coastal influences, creates atmospheric stagnation that traps pollutants from multiple sources. The urban core blends with surrounding rural areas through a gradual gradient, where brick kilns cluster along the periphery and agricultural fields extend to the horizon. Rangpur serves as the commercial hub for northern Bangladesh's tobacco-growing region, with curing facilities emitting substantial particulate matter. The city's position away from the Bay of Bengal means it lacks the cleansing sea breezes that moderate pollution in coastal cities, while its proximity to India's border regions exposes it to transboundary agricultural burning. The surrounding landscape—dominated by rice paddies, jute fields, and tobacco plantations—contributes both to the local economy and to seasonal pollution through post-harvest burning. This geographic setting, where urban expansion meets intensive agriculture in a topographical bowl, creates a perfect storm for air quality challenges.

Rangpur's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern shaped by its tropical wet-and-dry climate and agricultural calendar. During the dry winter months from November through February, pollution reaches its peak as cold, stable air creates temperature inversions that trap pollutants close to the ground. These months coincide with brick kiln operations at maximum capacity for construction season, tobacco curing activities, and widespread agricultural burning after harvests, compounded by domestic biomass burning for heating. Dense fog frequently forms in December and January, mixing with smoke to create hazardous smog that reduces visibility and respiratory health. The pre-monsoon months of March through May bring rising temperatures that lift some pollutants but introduce extreme heat that accelerates photochemical reactions, while occasional dust storms add particulate matter. The monsoon season from June through September provides dramatic relief as heavy rains wash pollutants from the atmosphere and southerly winds disperse emissions, making this the best period for outdoor activities. The post-monsoon transition in October sees pollution begin to climb again as agricultural burning resumes and atmospheric conditions stabilize. Sensitive groups including children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions should minimize outdoor exposure during peak winter months, use air purifiers indoors, and schedule essential activities for morning hours when pollution levels are typically lower.