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Bykhaw, nestled in the Mahilyowskaya Voblasts’ of Belarus, occupies a relatively flat landscape within the Eastern European Plain. Situated at coordinates 53.5167°N, 30.2500°E, the city is positioned approximately 160km northeast of Minsk. The terrain is characterised by low-lying plains, typical of the region, shaped by glacial activity during the last ice age. The Dnieper River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to temperature inversions during calmer weather. Bykhaw’s surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive farmland dedicated to crop cultivation and livestock rearing. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution through soil disturbance and the use of fertilizers. The urban-rural gradient is fairly sharp, transitioning quickly from the compact urban core of Bykhaw to open agricultural fields and scattered woodlands. Historically, the area has seen some industrial development, though less concentrated than in larger Belarusian cities. This combination of agricultural practices, limited industrial activity, and flat topography creates a specific set of conditions influencing local air quality. The lack of significant topographical features limits natural ventilation, potentially trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. The proximity to the Dnieper, while a benefit in many ways, can also contribute to localised humidity and fog formation, exacerbating pollution episodes.

Bykhaw experiences a continental climate, with distinct seasonal variations impacting air quality. Winters (December-February) are long and cold, often with stable high-pressure systems that trap pollutants near the ground, particularly from residential heating using wood and coal. Snow cover can temporarily reduce dust, but temperature inversions are common, worsening air stagnation. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and winds increase, but agricultural activities begin, releasing ammonia and particulate matter from soil preparation. Summer (June-August) generally offers the best air quality, with prevailing winds dispersing pollutants and rainfall cleansing the atmosphere. However, heatwaves can lead to increased ozone formation. Autumn (September-November) is a transitional period. The burning of agricultural residue after harvest significantly degrades air quality, creating smoky conditions. Fog is also frequent during this time, trapping pollutants. Sensitive individuals – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and autumn. Monitoring local weather forecasts is crucial. Months to avoid prolonged outdoor exposure are November and December, while June and July typically offer the cleanest air. Increased ventilation indoors during peak pollution periods is recommended.