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Boechout, nestled in the heart of Flanders, Belgium, occupies a gently undulating landscape characteristic of the Flemish Diamond, a densely populated and economically vibrant region. Situated at coordinates 51.1594, 4.4923, the municipality benefits from a relatively low elevation, averaging around 30-40 meters above sea level, contributing to stable atmospheric conditions that can sometimes trap pollutants. The surrounding area is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of crops and pastureland, interspersed with smaller villages and towns. However, Boechout’s proximity to the Antwerp metropolitan area – a major industrial and port hub – significantly influences its air quality. Prevailing westerly winds often carry pollutants from this industrial belt eastward, impacting Boechout. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced; while Boechout retains a semi-rural character, its increasing suburbanisation and connectivity to the larger urban network introduce localised sources of pollution from traffic and domestic heating. The Kleine Nete river flows nearby, offering limited dispersion potential for heavier pollutants. The soil composition, typical of the region, is sandy loam, influencing dust particle suspension during drier periods. This combination of factors creates a complex interplay affecting the city’s atmospheric composition.

Boechout’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern. Winter, from November to February, typically sees the poorest air quality. Low temperatures and frequent temperature inversions trap pollutants from heating systems, particularly particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10). Calm wind conditions exacerbate this, leading to stagnant air. March and April bring a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and rainfall increases, washing away accumulated pollutants. Summer months, from June to August, generally offer the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and higher atmospheric mixing. However, increased ozone levels can occur during prolonged periods of sunshine and high temperatures, impacting sensitive individuals. Autumn, September to October, witnesses a deterioration as heating systems are reactivated and agricultural activities, such as harvesting, contribute to dust and ammonia emissions. Fog, common in the autumn and winter, further reduces visibility and traps pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter months and periods of high ozone alerts. Monitoring pollen levels is also crucial during spring and summer.