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Nestled in the heart of the Flemish Region of Belgium, Ghent occupies a strategic position at the confluence of the Scheldt and Leie rivers, approximately 50 kilometres inland from the North Sea. This historic city, with its medieval core and extensive canal network, sits within the flat to gently undulating terrain of the Flemish Plain, with elevations rarely exceeding 20 metres above sea level. Ghent's urban character blends dense historical districts with modern suburbs, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient that influences local air circulation patterns. The city is embedded within Belgium's densely populated and industrialised northern corridor, flanked by agricultural zones to the south and east, and port-industrial complexes along its waterways, notably the Port of Ghent, one of Europe's major inland ports. Proximity to the North Sea moderates Ghent's climate but also means that maritime winds can transport both clean air and, at times, pollutants from coastal and Antwerp industrial areas. The flat topography limits natural ventilation, allowing pollutants from vehicle exhaust, port emissions, and industrial activities to accumulate, particularly under stable atmospheric conditions. The intricate canal system and low-lying terrain exacerbate flooding risks but do little to disperse airborne contaminants, making Ghent's air quality highly sensitive to local emission sources and regional transport.

In spring, Ghent experiences moderate air quality as increasing daylight and occasional rainfall help disperse pollutants, though pollen from surrounding agricultural areas can aggravate allergies. Summer brings warmer temperatures and higher UV levels, which can accelerate ozone formation from vehicle and industrial emissions, particularly during heatwaves when stagnant air traps pollutants; sensitive groups should limit strenuous outdoor activities on hot, windless days. Autumn sees a gradual deterioration in air quality as temperatures drop and atmospheric stability increases, with November marking the onset of peak pollution months due to heightened heating emissions, reduced dispersion from weaker winds, and frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants near the ground. Winter, especially December and January, presents the worst air quality, as cold, dense air, combined with fog and prolonged temperature inversions, leads to significant accumulations of particulate matter from vehicle exhaust, road dust, and industrial sources; residents, especially those with respiratory or cardiovascular conditions, are advised to monitor air quality alerts and reduce outdoor exposure during these months. Throughout the year, Ghent's marine west coast climate means that westerly winds from the North Sea can provide temporary relief by flushing out pollutants, but easterly winds may carry industrial emissions from neighbouring regions, underscoring the need for year-round vigilance.