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Founougo, nestled within the Alibori Department of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position in the northern savanna region. Located at approximately 11.4808° latitude and 2.5322° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Sahelian landscape. Elevation is relatively low, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though this can be disrupted by seasonal weather patterns. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive grasslands and sparse acacia woodlands, indicative of a semi-arid climate. Agriculture, primarily subsistence farming focused on millet, sorghum, and maize, forms a crucial part of the local economy and influences regional air quality through biomass burning during land clearing and crop residue disposal. While Founougo lacks immediate proximity to major rivers or lakes, it sits within a watershed that feeds into smaller seasonal streams, impacting local humidity and potentially influencing pollutant dispersion. The urban–rural gradient around Founougo is gradual, with small villages and agricultural fields transitioning seamlessly into the town’s periphery. There are no major industrial belts directly adjacent to Founougo; however, the regional capital, Natitingou, lies approximately 40km to the north, and occasional transport of goods and materials from that area can contribute to localized air pollution events. The prevailing winds, generally from the north-east during the dry season, play a key role in transporting dust and pollutants across the region, impacting Founougo’s air quality.

Founougo’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal cycle dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to March, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Characterized by minimal rainfall and consistently high temperatures, this period often sees increased dust intrusion from the Sahara Desert, carried by the Harmattan winds. These winds, originating from North Africa, can significantly reduce visibility and elevate particulate matter concentrations. Temperature inversions, where cooler air becomes trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are also more frequent during the dry season, hindering vertical mixing and trapping pollutants closer to ground level. The burning of agricultural waste after harvests, a common practice in the region, further exacerbates the situation, releasing smoke and particulate matter. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief as rainfall washes away accumulated pollutants and increased humidity helps to bind particulate matter. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can stir up dust and mold spores, temporarily impacting air quality. Months like February and March, coinciding with the end of the dry season and the start of agricultural clearing, are generally periods to avoid strenuous outdoor activity, particularly for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally more favourable, though vigilance regarding potential mold exposure is advised, especially for those with allergies. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should monitor local conditions and limit exposure during periods of high dust or smoke.