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Kouandé, nestled within the Atacora region of northern Benin (coordinates 10.3317, 1.6914), occupies a geographically significant position at the edge of the Pendjari National Park, a crucial biodiversity hotspot. The city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, a consequence of the region’s ancient geological formations and subsequent erosion. Elevation ranges from approximately 350 to 500 meters above sea level, influencing local air circulation patterns. Kouandé sits on the edge of a savanna-woodland transition zone, with the park’s dense forests providing a natural buffer to the north and west. To the east and south, the landscape gradually shifts to agricultural lands, primarily cultivating millet, sorghum, and maize, interspersed with small villages. This urban-rural gradient introduces agricultural emissions, particularly during burning seasons. The city itself exhibits a relatively compact urban footprint, with a central market area and radiating residential zones. While Kouandé lacks direct proximity to major rivers or lakes, seasonal streams flow through the surrounding valleys, contributing to localized humidity. The absence of large-scale industrial zones within Kouandé itself mitigates some industrial pollution risks, however, the regional importance of the area for charcoal production, a vital fuel source for many households, presents a consistent source of particulate matter. The prevailing winds, generally from the south-east, can carry pollutants from agricultural burning and charcoal production into the city, impacting air quality, especially during drier periods.

Kouandé experiences a tropical savanna climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by lower humidity, higher temperatures, and a significant increase in agricultural burning. Farmers clear land for planting and manage crop residue, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and carbon monoxide into the atmosphere. This period often sees a noticeable haze, reducing visibility and exacerbating respiratory issues. Wind patterns during this time are often light and variable, occasionally leading to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground. The wet season, from April to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the air and dispersing pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to increased fungal spores and mold, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler mornings in the transitional months, trapping pollutants and creating localized air quality concerns. The months of January and February are generally the most challenging for air quality due to the peak of agricultural burning. Individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, children, and the elderly should exercise caution during these months, limiting outdoor activity and wearing masks when necessary. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen and mold counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can be beneficial throughout the year, particularly during periods of heightened pollution.