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Ouidah, nestled on the Atlantic coast of Benin (6.3667° N, 2.0833° E), occupies a unique and historically significant geographic position. The city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, characterized by sandy coastal plains and gradually rising towards the interior. Its location directly on the Gulf of Guinea profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of coastal scrub, lagoons, and dense tropical forests, transitioning into agricultural zones further inland. This agricultural activity, particularly the cultivation of palm oil and cocoa, contributes to localized emissions, though generally on a smaller scale than major industrial centers. The urban–rural gradient around Ouidah is relatively sharp; the city itself is a compact settlement, quickly giving way to rural farming communities and forested areas. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean introduces a constant maritime influence, with sea breezes playing a crucial role in dispersing pollutants. However, stagnant air conditions can occur, particularly during periods of reduced wind, leading to localized air quality challenges. The city’s elevation, consistently below 20 meters, limits vertical mixing and can trap pollutants near the surface. While Ouidah lacks large-scale industrial belts within its immediate vicinity, its role as a regional trading hub and transport node means vehicular traffic contributes significantly to its air quality profile. The surrounding wetlands and lagoons also act as potential sinks for pollutants, impacting the overall ecosystem health.

Ouidah’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly impacting its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning November to March, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine. While this might seem beneficial, the lack of rainfall means fewer opportunities for atmospheric cleansing through precipitation. Furthermore, the reduced humidity can lead to increased dust levels, particularly during Harmattan winds which occasionally blow from the Sahara, carrying fine particulate matter. Temperature inversions are less frequent than in temperate climates, but can still occur, trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially during calmer nights. The wet season, from April to October, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity. This generally leads to improved air quality as rain washes away pollutants and increased humidity can help trap some particulate matter. However, the wet season also sees increased biomass burning from agricultural practices, contributing to localized smoke and haze. Months like July and August, coinciding with peak rainfall, generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of Harmattan dust. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, but vigilance regarding smoke from agricultural burning is advised. The interplay of wind patterns, temperature, and rainfall creates a dynamic air quality profile, requiring ongoing monitoring and adaptive strategies to protect public health.