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Pèrèrè, nestled within the Borgou State of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position in the country’s north-central region. Located at approximately 9.7994° latitude and 2.9928° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Sahelian transition zone. This area marks a gradual shift from the more humid southern regions of Benin towards the drier, more arid landscapes further north. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive fields of sorghum, millet, and maize dominating the rural areas immediately adjacent to Pèrèrè. This agricultural activity, while vital for the local economy, contributes to seasonal particulate matter emissions, particularly during harvesting and land clearing. The city itself exhibits a relatively low urban density, reflecting its status as a regional market town rather than a major industrial hub. While no major rivers directly flow through Pèrèrè, it benefits from proximity to smaller seasonal streams and groundwater resources, influencing local humidity levels. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly giving way to residential and market areas within the city limits. The elevation is low, averaging around 200 meters above sea level, which can exacerbate air stagnation during periods of temperature inversion, particularly during the dry season. The absence of significant industrial belts within or immediately surrounding Pèrèrè limits large-scale industrial pollution, though vehicular traffic and agricultural practices remain key factors influencing local air quality.

Pèrèrè experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and a greater propensity for temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of elevated particulate matter concentrations, especially from agricultural burning and dust storms originating from the Sahel. Wind speeds are generally lower during this period, further hindering pollutant dispersion. The months of January and February often see the most challenging air quality conditions. Conversely, the wet season, from April to October, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, resulting in improved air quality. Stronger winds associated with the monsoon season also aid in dispersing emissions. However, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to increased levels of mold and fungal spores, impacting respiratory health. During the transition months (March and October), air quality can be variable, influenced by the interplay of receding dry season conditions and the onset of the wet season. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution periods and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. Agricultural workers should be particularly mindful of dust exposure during land preparation and harvesting, utilizing appropriate protective measures.