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Doumé, nestled within the Collines region of Benin (coordinates 8.0167° N, 1.6333° E), presents a unique geographic profile influencing its air quality. Situated approximately 120 kilometers northwest of Cotonou, Benin’s economic hub, Doumé occupies a gently undulating plateau landscape, a characteristic feature of the northern Collines. The elevation, averaging around 350 meters above sea level, contributes to localized temperature inversions, particularly during the dry season, trapping pollutants closer to the ground. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of small-scale agriculture – predominantly maize, cassava, and vegetables – interspersed with savanna woodland. This agricultural activity, while vital for the local economy, can contribute to particulate matter pollution, especially during harvesting and burning seasons. The urban–rural gradient around Doumé is gradual; the town itself is relatively small, with a population of just over 13,000, but it serves as a market center for the surrounding rural communities. There are no major industrial belts immediately adjacent to Doumé, however, the proximity to larger towns like Save and Bassila, which may have limited industrial activity, means that pollutants can be transported via prevailing winds. The lack of significant bodies of water within immediate proximity limits natural air purification processes, and the relatively flat terrain encourages the accumulation of dust and agricultural emissions, impacting local air quality. The region's climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season, further modulates these factors.

Doumé’s air quality follows a predictable seasonal pattern dictated by its tropical savanna climate. The dry season, spanning roughly November to March, presents the most significant air quality challenges. Reduced rainfall leads to drier soils, increasing dust generation from agricultural fields and unpaved roads. The lack of precipitation also means fewer opportunities for pollutant washout. Furthermore, temperature inversions are more frequent during this period, trapping pollutants near the surface. The months of January and February often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of these factors. The wet season, from April to October, brings relief as rainfall effectively cleanses the atmosphere, removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, the onset of the rainy season can be accompanied by increased humidity, which can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals. During the transition months (March and October), wind patterns are often variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. The intensity of the Harmattan wind, a dry, dusty trade wind originating from the Sahara, can significantly impact air quality during the early dry season, carrying fine particulate matter into the region. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak dust periods and ensuring adequate ventilation indoors. Increased vigilance regarding respiratory health is advisable throughout the dry season, with prompt medical attention sought for any concerning symptoms.