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Kolokondé, situated in the Donga department of Benin, lies at coordinates 9.9000°N, 1.7667°E, a location deeply embedded within the West African landscape. The city’s terrain is generally undulating, characteristic of the broader Plateau region of Benin, though not dramatically elevated. This gentle topography influences air circulation patterns, potentially leading to localised pollutant build-up. Kolokondé is not directly adjacent to a major body of water, though smaller streams and seasonal waterways dissect the surrounding agricultural lands. The dominant land use is subsistence farming, primarily focused on crops like maize, yams, and cassava. This agricultural activity, while vital to the local economy, contributes to particulate matter pollution through land preparation, harvesting, and the burning of agricultural residue. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; Kolokondé itself is a relatively small urban centre surrounded by predominantly rural areas. The lack of significant industrial development within Kolokondé itself is a mitigating factor, however, regional transport routes and potential dust from unpaved roads contribute to air quality concerns. The city’s position within a broader savannah climate zone means it is susceptible to dust transport from the Sahara, particularly during the dry season. Understanding these geographical factors is crucial for assessing and managing air quality in Kolokondé.

Kolokondé experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. Reduced rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, and agricultural burning for land preparation is common, releasing substantial smoke and pollutants. Harmattan winds, blowing from the Sahara, exacerbate the situation, carrying vast quantities of dust southward. February and March are generally the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from April to October, brings relief. Frequent rainfall washes pollutants from the atmosphere, and increased humidity suppresses dust. However, the wet season isn’t without its challenges. Stagnant water can create breeding grounds for disease vectors, and increased humidity can promote mould growth, impacting respiratory health. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can see a resurgence of localised pollution due to increased biomass burning as farmers prepare for the next planting cycle. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season and take precautions during periods of high humidity. Monitoring wind direction is also key, as pollutants will concentrate downwind of burning activities.