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Doutou, a city nestled within the Mono Department of Benin, occupies a relatively flat coastal plain at approximately 6.55°N latitude and 1.88°E longitude. Its location, just inland from the Atlantic Ocean, profoundly influences its climate and, consequently, its air quality. The terrain is characterised by low-lying areas interspersed with lagoons and estuaries, typical of Benin’s southern coastline. Doutou’s proximity to the ocean introduces high humidity and salt spray, impacting local vegetation and potentially contributing to aerosol formation. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural land, primarily subsistence farming and palm oil plantations, with smaller-scale fishing activities along the coast. While not a major industrial hub, Doutou serves as a regional market centre, generating localised traffic and small-scale commercial activity. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, transitioning quickly from denser settlement areas to agricultural fields. This proximity to agricultural practices introduces potential sources of particulate matter from land clearing and seasonal burning. The city’s flat topography limits natural dispersion of pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues during periods of low wind speed. The Mono River’s influence on local weather patterns also plays a role in pollutant concentration and movement.

Doutou experiences a tropical climate defined by distinct wet and dry seasons, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, spanning November to March, witnesses the highest pollution levels. Harmattan winds, originating from the Sahara, carry substantial amounts of dust and particulate matter southward, significantly degrading air quality. Lower humidity during this period also reduces the natural scavenging of pollutants by rainfall. January and February are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from April to October, brings relief. Frequent and heavy rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to cleaner air. However, increased humidity can also foster mould growth, potentially triggering respiratory issues. August and September, the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. Temperature inversions, though less common than in temperate climates, can occur during the transition periods, trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor exertion during the dry season and monitor their health closely. Increased ventilation indoors is recommended during Harmattan periods.