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Missérété, nestled within the Ouémé State of Benin, occupies a geographically significant position just north of Cotonou, the nation’s economic hub. Located at approximately 6.5625° N, 2.5853° E, the city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, characteristic of the coastal plains of Benin. Its elevation rarely exceeds 20 meters above sea level, placing it within a zone highly susceptible to coastal influences and potential flooding, particularly during the rainy season. The surrounding landscape is a blend of agricultural land – primarily cocoa, cassava, and maize cultivation – and smaller settlements gradually transitioning into more densely populated urban areas as one approaches Cotonou. The Atlantic Ocean lies a short distance to the south, moderating temperatures but also introducing saline aerosols into the atmosphere. Missérété’s proximity to Cotonou means it’s impacted by the industrial and commercial activities of the larger city, including vehicular emissions and potential industrial discharge. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city itself exhibits a mix of traditional housing and more modern constructions, while the immediate periphery retains a distinctly rural character. This juxtaposition contributes to localized air quality variations, with agricultural burning practices in the surrounding areas occasionally impacting the city’s air. The prevailing southwesterly winds, common along the Beninese coast, play a crucial role in dispersing pollutants, though their effectiveness is often hampered by the city’s relatively flat topography and the frequent occurrence of stagnant air conditions during certain periods of the year. The Ouémé River, flowing nearby, can also influence local humidity and contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone under specific meteorological conditions.

Missérété experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from November to March, often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced rainfall and lower atmospheric mixing. The lack of precipitation means fewer opportunities for particulate matter washout, and the reduced humidity can exacerbate the effects of dust originating from agricultural activities and construction sites. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during this period, hindering vertical dispersion of pollutants and leading to localized concentrations. Conversely, the wet season (April to October) brings increased rainfall, which naturally cleanses the atmosphere by removing particulate matter. However, the burning of agricultural waste, a common practice at the start of the planting season (typically April-May), can lead to significant spikes in smoke and particulate pollution. The monsoon winds, while generally beneficial for dispersion, can also carry pollutants from neighboring areas. Fog, particularly during the transitional periods between wet and dry seasons, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating periods of poor air quality. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, especially after rainfall events. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season and avoid prolonged exposure to outdoor air, particularly during periods of stagnant air or agricultural burning. The transition months (October/November and March/April) often present unpredictable air quality conditions, requiring vigilance and awareness of local weather patterns and potential sources of pollution.