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Agbangnizoun, situated in the Zou Department of Benin, occupies a relatively flat terrain at approximately 70 meters above sea level. Its location at 7.0667°N, 1.9667°E places it within the Dahomey Plateau, a gently undulating landscape characterized by lateritic soils. The city is not directly on the coast, but lies inland, approximately 60km north of Cotonou, Benin’s economic capital and primary port. This distance is crucial; while Agbangnizoun doesn’t experience direct marine influences, it’s significantly affected by transport corridors linking Cotonou to northern Benin and neighbouring countries. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, with extensive cultivation of cotton, maize, and yams. Small-scale industries, primarily processing agricultural products, are present, contributing to localised emissions. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with a rapid transition from denser settlement in the city centre to agricultural land. Dust from unpaved roads and agricultural activities is a significant factor. The lack of substantial natural barriers to air flow means pollutants can accumulate during periods of low wind speed, and the prevailing Harmattan winds from the Sahara can transport dust southward, impacting air quality, particularly during the dry season. The city’s position within a major transport network and its agricultural base are key determinants of its air quality profile.

Agbangnizoun experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from November to March, sees a significant increase in particulate matter. The Harmattan winds, laden with Saharan dust, exacerbate this, reducing visibility and irritating respiratory systems. Lower humidity during this period also means dust remains airborne for longer. February and March are generally the months with the poorest air quality. The transition period (April-May) brings increased agricultural burning as farmers prepare fields for the rainy season, leading to spikes in smoke and pollutants. The wet season, from June to October, offers a temporary respite. Rainfall effectively washes away particulate matter, and higher humidity suppresses dust. However, increased cloud cover can lead to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants near the ground, particularly in the mornings. September and October, towards the end of the rainy season, can experience stagnant air and localised pollution from biomass burning. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season and periods of agricultural burning. Staying indoors with windows closed and using air filtration can provide relief.