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Čitluk, nestled in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton of Bosnia and Herzegovina, occupies a geographically complex position within the Dinaric Alps. The town sits at an elevation of approximately 228 meters (748 feet), influencing local weather patterns and air circulation. It’s situated in a valley carved by the Neretva River, a significant geographical feature that, while providing a water source, can also contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during calmer periods. The surrounding landscape is predominantly mountainous, with steep slopes covered in deciduous forests and karst formations. Čitluk’s urban character is that of a developing town, transitioning from a primarily agricultural base to include light industry and services. The proximity to larger regional centres like Mostar (around 30km) and Međugorje, a major pilgrimage site, increases traffic flow and associated emissions. The immediate area features a mix of agricultural land – vineyards and orchards are common – and smaller industrial zones. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural areas quickly giving way to more densely populated residential zones. This topography, combined with the region’s climate, creates conditions where pollutants can accumulate, particularly during periods of low wind speed and thermal stability. The valley’s orientation also affects the dispersion of air masses, influencing the concentration of airborne particles.

Čitluk experiences a Mediterranean climate with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters, profoundly impacting its air quality. Pollution levels generally peak during the winter months (November to February) due to increased residential heating using wood and coal, coupled with frequent temperature inversions that trap pollutants in the valley. These inversions, caused by cold air settling in the low-lying areas, prevent vertical mixing and exacerbate particulate matter concentrations. Spring (March-May) sees a gradual improvement as temperatures rise and heating demand decreases, though occasional agricultural burning can contribute to localised spikes. Summer (June-August) typically offers the cleanest air, aided by prevailing winds and higher temperatures promoting dispersion. However, increased road traffic due to tourism, particularly related to Međugorje, can still lead to elevated nitrogen dioxide levels. Autumn (September-October) is a transitional period, with a gradual return to poorer air quality as heating systems are reactivated. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during winter and periods of stagnant air. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from the north and east often bring pollutants from surrounding areas. Fog, common in the valley during colder months, further reduces visibility and concentrates pollutants.