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Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, sits in the South-East District at coordinates -24.6282, 25.9231, positioned within the broader Kalahari Basin of southern Africa. The city lies at an elevation of approximately 1,000 meters above sea level, on a gently undulating plateau that characterises much of Botswana's terrain. Gaborone's urban character is defined by its role as Botswana's administrative and economic hub, with a mix of modern infrastructure and informal settlements creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. The city is flanked by the Notwane River to the west, which feeds into the Gaborone Dam—a crucial water source—though these water bodies are relatively small and do not significantly moderate local air pollution. Surrounding the city are arid savannah landscapes that transition into the vast Kalahari Desert to the southwest, a major source of natural dust. Proximity to the desert means that Gaborone is frequently exposed to wind-blown dust particles, especially during dry seasons, which exacerbate particulate matter levels. The region lacks heavy industrial belts, but localised pollution arises from vehicle emissions along major roads like the A1 highway, construction activities in expanding suburbs, and domestic biomass use in peri-urban areas. This geographic setting, combined with limited green spaces and sparse vegetation due to the semi-arid climate, reduces natural air filtration, allowing pollutants to accumulate more readily in the urban atmosphere.

Gaborone's air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern influenced by its humid subtropical climate and regional weather systems. During the summer months from November to March, the rainy season brings occasional showers that help wash pollutants from the air, leading to relatively lower pollution levels; however, high humidity can sometimes trap particulates near the ground. This period is favourable for outdoor activities, though sensitive groups should monitor for dust storms that may precede rains. Autumn, from April to May, sees a transition as rainfall decreases and temperatures drop, with pollution beginning to rise due to drier conditions and increased dust from the Kalahari. The peak pollution months of May through August coincide with the dry winter season, when cold, stable air masses create frequent temperature inversions that trap vehicle exhaust, construction dust, and biomass smoke close to the surface. Low wind speeds and minimal precipitation during these months prevent pollutant dispersion, making outdoor exposure risky, especially for children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions. Spring, from September to October, brings warmer temperatures and occasional winds that help clear the air, though dust events can still occur. Sensitive individuals are advised to limit outdoor exertion during peak pollution periods, use air purifiers indoors, and stay informed about local air quality advisories.