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Tlokweng, situated in the South East district of Botswana, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Kalahari Basin. Located at approximately -24.6686° latitude and 25.9711° longitude, the town’s terrain is predominantly flat, characteristic of the surrounding low-lying plains. Its elevation is relatively modest, contributing to a stable atmospheric layer that can, under certain conditions, trap pollutants. Tlokweng’s proximity to Gaborone, the national capital, is a defining feature; it forms part of the urban–rural gradient extending outwards from the capital city, experiencing increasing suburbanisation and associated development pressures. The landscape surrounding Tlokweng is a mosaic of open grasslands, scrubland, and sparsely wooded areas, typical of the Kalahari biome. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, the Notwane River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially impacting the dispersion of airborne particles. Agricultural activities, primarily livestock grazing and small-scale crop farming, are present in the surrounding areas, introducing potential sources of dust and ammonia into the air. The town’s location within a relatively enclosed basin, coupled with its growing population and proximity to industrial and transportation corridors linked to Gaborone, creates a setting where air quality can be susceptible to localised pollution events. The prevailing winds, often gentle and variable, can either disperse pollutants or contribute to their accumulation, depending on meteorological conditions.

Tlokweng’s air quality experiences a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by Botswana’s climate, which is characterised by a pronounced dry season and a shorter, less intense wet season. The dry season, spanning roughly from May to October, typically sees the poorest air quality. This is primarily due to increased dust generation from bare soil and agricultural lands, exacerbated by strong, dry winds. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (June-August), trap pollutants close to the ground, intensifying their concentration. The lack of rainfall during this period means there’s minimal atmospheric cleansing. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings a significant improvement in air quality. Rainfall washes away dust and particulate matter, and increased humidity can help to settle airborne particles. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to localised flooding and the release of mould spores, potentially affecting respiratory health. The months of December and January, coinciding with the peak of the rainy season, generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of high wind. Outdoor activities are best planned for the mornings or evenings when temperatures are cooler and wind speeds are typically lower. While the wet season offers respite, vigilance regarding mould exposure following heavy rainfall is advisable.