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Palmeira dos Índios, nestled in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the semi-arid transition zone between the humid coastal forests and the drier *sertão* interior. Located at approximately -9.4069 latitude and -36.6278 longitude, the city sits on gently undulating terrain, typical of the Alagoas plateau. Its elevation is relatively low, contributing to limited natural air dispersion. The surrounding landscape is characterised by sugarcane plantations, small-scale agriculture, and patches of *caatinga* scrubland. The proximity to the São Francisco River, while vital for irrigation, doesn’t offer significant wind corridors to flush out pollutants. Palmeira dos Índios functions as a regional hub for agricultural processing, particularly sugarcane, and experiences associated transport activity. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city centre is densely populated, while the periphery quickly transitions into agricultural land. This proximity to agricultural activities, including the burning of sugarcane fields post-harvest, is a key factor influencing local air quality. The city’s position within a broader agricultural belt means it’s susceptible to regional dust transport, particularly during drier periods. Limited industrial development within the city itself means the primary pollution sources are largely related to agriculture and vehicle emissions.

Palmeira dos Índios experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The wet season, typically from April to August, brings relief from particulate matter as rainfall effectively washes pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. September to March constitutes the dry season, marked by significantly reduced rainfall and increased dust levels, particularly from agricultural lands. This period sees a peak in particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) due to drier conditions and agricultural practices like sugarcane burning. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. November and December are often the most challenging months. Strong easterly winds can occasionally bring cleaner air from the coast, but these are infrequent. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with pre-existing respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, especially on days with visible haze. Monitoring local weather patterns and agricultural activity is crucial for anticipating pollution spikes. Staying indoors with windows closed during peak pollution times and using air purifiers can offer protection.