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Antas, Bahia, nestled in the heart of Brazil’s semi-arid Northeast region, occupies a geographically significant position within the larger São Francisco River basin. Located at approximately -10.4000 latitude and -38.3328 longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating plains and gently sloping hills, typical of the caatinga biome. The surrounding landscape is predominantly scrubland vegetation, punctuated by occasional gallery forests along seasonal streams and the vital São Francisco River, which flows relatively close to the city’s periphery. This proximity to the river is crucial for Antas’s water supply and agricultural activities, primarily focusing on subsistence farming and livestock rearing. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural lands and sparse settlements dominating the immediate outskirts. While Antas isn't situated directly within a major industrial belt, it serves as a regional hub for agricultural processing and trade, potentially contributing to localized air quality concerns. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 350 meters above sea level, which can influence atmospheric stability and dispersion of pollutants. The caatinga climate, with its distinct wet and dry seasons, plays a key role in air quality dynamics. The generally open terrain and limited topographical barriers allow for some degree of pollutant dispersal, but seasonal variations in wind patterns and humidity can significantly impact local air quality, particularly during the drier months when dust storms are more frequent.

Antas experiences a tropical climate with a pronounced wet and dry season, profoundly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from May to October, is characterized by intense solar radiation, low humidity, and frequent wind events, often resulting in significant dust intrusion from the surrounding caatinga landscape. These dust storms, locally known as ‘tempo seco’ events, dramatically degrade air quality, increasing particulate matter concentrations and reducing visibility. Meteorological stability during this period, sometimes leading to temperature inversions, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating the situation. Conversely, the wet season (November to April) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally scavenges particulate matter from the atmosphere, leading to a noticeable improvement in air quality. However, heavy rainfall events can occasionally mobilize pollutants from agricultural runoff, potentially impacting water and air quality. The months of July and August often experience the most persistent dust events, making them less favorable for outdoor activities, especially for individuals with respiratory sensitivities. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, those with allergies should be mindful of pollen levels. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during the dry season and monitor local conditions. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable.