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Antônio Cardoso, nestled in the heart of Bahia, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader metropolitan region of Salvador. Located approximately 60 kilometers west of Salvador, the city’s coordinates (-12.4350, -39.1200) place it within a transitional zone between the Atlantic coastal plain and the interior plateau. The terrain is gently undulating, characterized by rolling hills and valleys, a legacy of ancient erosion patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of *cerrado* vegetation, a tropical savanna biome, interspersed with pockets of Atlantic Forest remnants, reflecting the region’s complex ecological history. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, while not directly bordering the coast, influences local weather patterns and contributes to humidity levels. The urban character of Antônio Cardoso is primarily rural, with a gradually densifying core reflecting its growth as a commuter town for Salvador. Agriculture plays a vital role in the local economy, with sugarcane cultivation being a dominant land use, alongside smaller-scale farming of beans, corn, and cassava. This agricultural activity, particularly sugarcane processing, represents a potential source of localized air pollutants. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city transitioning quickly into agricultural lands and *cerrado* scrub. Elevation varies slightly, generally ranging from 100 to 300 meters above sea level. This moderate elevation, combined with the prevailing winds from the Atlantic, can influence the dispersion of pollutants, potentially leading to localized concentrations, especially during periods of stagnant air. The city’s location within a rapidly developing region also means it is susceptible to impacts from industrial activity further east, near Salvador.

Antônio Cardoso’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from September to March, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing by precipitation. The lack of rain allows dust and particulate matter from agricultural activities, particularly sugarcane harvesting and burning, to accumulate. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating air quality concerns. Conversely, the wet season, from April to August, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally flushing the atmosphere of many pollutants. Stronger winds associated with the wet season also aid in dispersion. However, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to increased levels of mold spores and allergens, impacting respiratory health. October and November are transitional months, often experiencing a combination of dry and wet conditions, with unpredictable air quality. For sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, the dry season months of October through February should be approached with caution, minimizing prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity during peak sunlight hours. During the wet season, those with pollen allergies should monitor local conditions and take appropriate precautions. Agricultural burning practices, while traditionally employed, contribute significantly to particulate matter during the dry season and are a key factor influencing air quality fluctuations.