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Coaraci, Bahia, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the southern Bahia region, a landscape characterized by a gradual transition from the Atlantic Forest biome to the Cerrado savanna. Situated at approximately -14.6408° latitude and -39.5511° longitude, the city’s elevation averages around 350 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally mild climate. The surrounding terrain is gently undulating, composed primarily of rolling hills and valleys, typical of the Brazilian Piedmont. While not directly adjacent to a major river, Coaraci benefits from proximity to smaller tributaries and streams that feed into the Rio de Contas basin, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The urban fabric of Coaraci is relatively compact, reflecting its smaller population of 16,549. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with agricultural lands – primarily sugarcane and cattle ranching – dominating the immediate periphery. This agricultural activity, while vital to the regional economy, introduces potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds into the air. Further afield, the broader Bahia state experiences significant industrial activity concentrated in larger urban centers like Ilhéus and Feira de Santana, though their direct impact on Coaraci’s air quality is moderated by distance and prevailing wind patterns. The Atlantic Forest remnants surrounding the city also play a role in air purification, though deforestation and fragmentation can diminish this effect. The local topography and prevailing winds often create localized air stagnation zones, particularly during periods of calm weather.

Coaraci’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from May to September, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased sunshine hours. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to decreased atmospheric cleansing through precipitation. Stagnant air masses, common during this time, exacerbate the issue, trapping particulate matter and gaseous pollutants near the ground. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, can also occur, further hindering vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane cultivation, intensifies during the dry season, releasing significant amounts of smoke and particulate matter. The wet season, from October to April, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally flushing the atmosphere and reducing pollutant concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold spores and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Fog, particularly in the early morning hours during the transition periods between seasons, can trap pollutants close to the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak pollution episodes. Periods of intense agricultural activity, particularly in late April and May, should be avoided if possible. The increased humidity during the wet season can alleviate some respiratory discomfort, but vigilance regarding allergens remains important.