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Dom Basílio, nestled in the heart of Bahia, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Recôncavo Baiano, a vast coastal plain characterized by its undulating terrain and intricate network of waterways. Located at approximately -13.76° S, -41.77° W, the city sits relatively low in elevation, averaging around 30 meters above sea level, contributing to a humid subtropical climate. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of sugar cane plantations, small-scale agriculture, and remnants of Atlantic Forest, though deforestation has significantly altered the original ecosystem. The São Francisco River, a vital lifeline for the region, flows nearby, influencing local humidity and microclimates. Dom Basílio’s proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 50 kilometers to the east, introduces a maritime influence, moderating temperatures but also potentially carrying coastal pollutants inland. The urban fabric of Dom Basílio is compact, reflecting its relatively small population of 11,884. The urban–rural gradient is gradual, with agricultural activities seamlessly blending into the town’s periphery. While Dom Basílio itself lacks major industrial zones, it serves as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural region, with transportation and processing facilities contributing to localized emissions. The Recôncavo Baiano’s topography, with its low-lying areas and limited natural ventilation, can exacerbate air quality challenges, particularly during periods of stagnant weather. The prevalence of sugar cane cultivation, involving burning practices, represents a significant potential source of particulate matter pollution.

Dom Basílio experiences a tropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly impacting its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from September to April, is characterized by reduced rainfall and increased temperatures. This period often witnesses a rise in particulate matter pollution, largely attributable to agricultural burning practices associated with sugar cane harvesting. Farmers frequently employ controlled burns to clear fields, releasing significant quantities of smoke and ash into the atmosphere. Meteorological conditions during the dry season, including periods of atmospheric stability and temperature inversions, can trap pollutants near the ground, leading to localized air quality degradation. The wet season, from May to August, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold and allergens, impacting respiratory health. Fog, a relatively common occurrence during the cooler months of June and July, can further exacerbate air quality issues by trapping pollutants. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly on days with visible smoke or haze. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although pollen allergies should be considered. The intensity of agricultural burning varies annually, influenced by rainfall patterns and economic factors, making air quality predictions challenging. Understanding these seasonal patterns is crucial for mitigating pollution impacts and protecting public health.