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Madre de Deus, Bahia, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the broader Salvador metropolitan region, nestled approximately 25 kilometers south of the state capital. Its coordinates, -12.7408, -38.6208, place it within a coastal plain characterized by relatively low elevation, rarely exceeding 50 meters above sea level. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of Atlantic Forest remnants, interspersed with agricultural lands primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation and livestock farming – a significant regional economic driver. This proximity to agricultural zones introduces potential sources of particulate matter, particularly during harvest seasons when burning practices, though regulated, can still occur. The city’s location along the Atlantic coast means it experiences maritime influences, with prevailing winds often originating from the ocean. This can both disperse pollutants and, under certain meteorological conditions, trap them, especially during periods of atmospheric stability. Madre de Deus exhibits a distinct urban–rural gradient; the city center displays denser residential and commercial development, gradually transitioning to more sparsely populated agricultural areas towards the south and west. The nearby Baía de Todos os Santos, a large bay, moderates temperatures but can also contribute to humidity and fog formation, impacting air quality by reducing dispersion. The region's geology, composed largely of sedimentary rocks, influences soil composition and potential dust generation, further complicating the air quality profile. Industrial activity, while not extensive within Madre de Deus itself, is present in surrounding areas, contributing to regional pollution patterns.

Madre de Deus, situated within a tropical climate, experiences a distinct wet and dry season rather than the four traditional seasons. The dry season, typically spanning from September to April, often sees a slight increase in particulate matter concentrations. This is partly attributable to reduced rainfall, which limits the natural cleansing effect of precipitation, and increased agricultural activity, potentially involving controlled burns for land preparation. The prevailing winds during this period, while generally consistent, can occasionally weaken, leading to localized stagnation and pollutant accumulation. Temperature inversions, though not as frequent as in colder climates, can occur, trapping pollutants closer to the ground, particularly during calmer nights. The wet season, from May to August, brings significantly higher rainfall, effectively washing away particulate matter and generally improving air quality. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can temporarily release pollutants from inundated areas. Fog, common during the wet season, further reduces atmospheric mixing and can temporarily degrade air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although heavy rainfall can still pose challenges. The humidity inherent in the climate can exacerbate respiratory issues for some individuals, regardless of the season, highlighting the importance of staying hydrated and avoiding prolonged exposure to potential irritants.