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Presidente Jânio Quadros, nestled in the southern Bahia region of Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the broader Atlantic Forest biome. Located at approximately -14.6889° latitude and -41.6778° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by undulating hills and valleys, typical of the region’s coastal plains. Its elevation, relatively low, contributes to a humid subtropical climate and influences local air circulation patterns. The city sits near the Rio das Almas, a vital waterway that shapes the surrounding landscape and provides a degree of moisture to the area. The immediate surroundings are a mosaic of small-scale agriculture, primarily sugarcane and coffee cultivation, interspersed with patches of remnant Atlantic Forest. This agricultural activity, while economically important, can contribute to localized air pollution through the use of pesticides and the burning of agricultural waste, particularly during harvest seasons. Further afield, the landscape transitions into more extensive agricultural zones and eventually the coastal plains. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city acting as a service hub for the surrounding agricultural communities. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, while moderating temperatures, also introduces the potential for marine aerosols and salt spray, which can impact air quality and visibility. The lack of significant industrial belts directly adjacent to Presidente Jânio Quadros mitigates some pollution risks, but regional transportation corridors carrying goods to and from larger urban centers can introduce vehicle emissions into the local atmosphere.

The air quality in Presidente Jânio Quadros is intrinsically linked to the region’s distinct wet and dry seasons, a characteristic of tropical climates. The dry season, typically spanning from May to September, often sees a slight improvement in air quality due to reduced humidity and less rainfall washing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, this period can also be punctuated by periods of stagnant air, particularly during anticyclonic weather patterns, which can trap pollutants near the surface. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and sugarcane preparation, frequently intensifies during the dry season, significantly degrading air quality and creating localized haze events. The wet season, from October to April, brings frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the atmosphere by removing particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler nights, trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. The months of August and September often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of agricultural burning and stable atmospheric conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during these periods, limiting outdoor activity and monitoring for any adverse health effects. During the wetter months, those with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen and mold counts. Overall, the city’s air quality exhibits a cyclical pattern dictated by the interplay of rainfall, agricultural practices, and regional weather systems.