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Tabocas do Brejo Velho, nestled within the state of Bahia, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position in the semi-arid Sertão region. Located at approximately -12.7058° latitude and -44.0069° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating hills and the presence of *brejos*, or wetlands, which give the area its name – ‘Tabocas of the Old Marsh’. The surrounding landscape is dominated by *caatinga* vegetation, a thorny scrub forest adapted to prolonged drought. The elevation is relatively modest, contributing to limited natural dispersion of pollutants. The urban character is largely rural, with a population of around 11,979, indicating a strong agricultural base. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the broader Bahia state experiences agricultural activity, including potential burning of biomass for land clearing, which can impact regional air quality. The proximity to smaller waterways and seasonal streams influences local humidity and can contribute to localised fog formation. The urban-rural gradient is pronounced, with air quality likely deteriorating closer to the town centre due to domestic fuel burning and vehicle emissions, while surrounding rural areas experience impacts from agricultural practices. This interplay of factors creates a complex air quality profile for Tabocas do Brejo Velho.

Tabocas do Brejo Velho experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from August to December, is characterised by low humidity, high temperatures, and increased dust suspension from the *caatinga* landscape. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter, exacerbated by agricultural burning practices preparing land for the next planting cycle. Wind patterns during this time can transport dust and smoke over long distances, impacting the city. The wet season, from January to July, brings relief with increased rainfall, suppressing dust and washing pollutants from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also promote the formation of mould and allergens, impacting respiratory health. February and March, peak rainfall months, generally offer the best air quality. Temperature inversions, common during cooler nights in the dry season, can trap pollutants near the ground, worsening conditions. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory illnesses – should limit outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly on windy days. Monitoring local fire reports is crucial during this period. The transition months (April/May and September/October) can be unpredictable, requiring vigilance.