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Beberibe, nestled in the state of Ceará, Brazil, occupies a strategic position within the metropolitan region of Fortaleza, yet retains a distinct rural character. Located at approximately -4.1800 latitude and -38.1308 longitude, the city’s geography is defined by its coastal proximity and the undulating terrain of the Borborema Plateau. The landscape surrounding Beberibe is a mosaic of coastal plains, rolling hills, and patches of caatinga, a unique xeric scrubland biome characteristic of northeastern Brazil. The Atlantic Ocean lies just a few kilometers to the east, influencing local weather patterns and providing a vital source of livelihood for many residents. The elevation varies, generally rising from sea level near the coast to higher ground inland, impacting local air circulation. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, Beberibe’s location within the Fortaleza metropolitan area means it is susceptible to pollution drift from the larger urban center. Agricultural activities, primarily focused on fruit cultivation (especially mangoes and coconuts) and livestock farming, contribute to localized emissions, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient is noticeable, with denser settlements concentrated closer to the coast and gradually transitioning to more dispersed rural communities further inland. The city’s terrain, combined with prevailing winds, can create localized pockets of stagnant air, potentially trapping pollutants. The surrounding caatinga vegetation, while generally sparse, can contribute to particulate matter during the dry season due to increased dust and occasional wildfires. The Rio da Beberibe, flowing through the municipality, also influences humidity and local microclimates.

Beberibe’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing air quality dynamics. The dry season, typically spanning from July to November, is characterized by intense solar radiation, high temperatures, and reduced rainfall. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to increased dust lifted by strong winds sweeping across the caatinga landscape and agricultural fields. The lack of rainfall means less atmospheric cleansing, allowing pollutants to persist. Temperature inversions, though less frequent than in colder climates, can occasionally occur during the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground, especially in valleys and low-lying areas. The wet season, from February to June, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which generally improves air quality by washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased mold and fungal spores, impacting air quality for sensitive individuals. During the transition months (January and December), wind patterns are often more variable, leading to unpredictable air quality fluctuations. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly from March to May. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure during peak sunlight hours and avoiding areas prone to dust generation. Agricultural burning, though regulated, can occasionally occur during land clearing, further degrading air quality. The interplay of wind direction and rainfall intensity is crucial in determining the overall air quality profile throughout the year.