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Capistrano, a municipality nestled within the state of Ceará in northeastern Brazil, presents a unique geographic context influencing its air quality. Located at -4.4700 latitude and -38.9008 longitude, the city sits approximately 250km northeast of Fortaleza, Ceará’s state capital. The terrain is largely characterized by a gently undulating coastal plain, transitioning into the broader, semi-arid landscape of the Sertão. Capistrano’s elevation is relatively low, averaging around 150 meters above sea level, contributing to limited atmospheric dispersion. The city is not directly on the coast, but is situated inland, approximately 30km from the Atlantic Ocean, meaning maritime influences – sea breezes and humidity – are present but moderated. Surrounding Capistrano are areas dedicated to cashew and fruit cultivation, alongside smaller-scale subsistence farming. While not a major industrial hub, regional economic activity centers around agriculture and related processing, potentially contributing to particulate matter and agricultural chemical emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city center giving way quickly to agricultural lands. This proximity to agricultural practices, combined with the flat terrain and limited wind corridors, can exacerbate localized air pollution events, particularly during drier periods when dust and agricultural aerosols are easily suspended.

Capistrano experiences a distinct wet and dry season, heavily influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically from August to December, is characterized by minimal rainfall and strong, dry winds originating from the interior. This period sees a significant increase in particulate matter, largely due to windblown dust from the surrounding agricultural lands and exposed soil. Agricultural burning, though officially regulated, can also contribute to smoke and haze during these months, making outdoor activity less desirable for those with respiratory sensitivities. January to July marks the wet season, bringing relief from dust and a general improvement in air quality. However, even during the wet season, localized pollution can occur due to increased humidity fostering mold growth and the potential for stagnant air conditions. February and March often experience higher humidity and occasional periods of calm winds, potentially trapping pollutants near the ground. Sensitive individuals, including children, the elderly, and those with asthma, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the dry season, particularly in November and December. Monitoring local conditions and staying indoors during periods of high dust or smoke is advisable. The transition months (April/July) offer the most favourable conditions for outdoor pursuits.