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Maranguape, nestled in the state of Ceará, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the Metropolitan Region of Fortaleza. Located at approximately -3.8900 latitude and -38.6858 longitude, the city’s geography is characterized by a gently undulating terrain transitioning from the coastal plains towards the interior highlands. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of urban development, small-scale agriculture, and remnants of the *caatinga* biome, a semi-arid scrubland typical of northeastern Brazil. The proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, roughly 15 kilometers to the east, significantly influences local weather patterns and, consequently, air quality. Maranguape sits along the left bank of the Sucuru River, a vital waterway for the region, though its impact on air quality is more indirect, primarily through humidity and localized microclimates. The city’s urban fabric exhibits a clear urban–rural gradient, with denser residential and commercial areas concentrated closer to the main highway connecting it to Fortaleza, gradually giving way to more dispersed settlements and agricultural land further inland. Industrial activity, though not extensive, is present, primarily focused on light manufacturing and processing of agricultural products, contributing localized pollution sources. The prevailing winds, generally easterly off the Atlantic, tend to disperse pollutants, but can also carry coastal aerosols inland. Elevation plays a minor role, with the city situated at a relatively low altitude, minimizing the potential for significant terrain-induced air stagnation. The region's overall climate, hot and semi-arid, further complicates air quality dynamics.

Maranguape’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season pattern, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from July to November, is characterized by intense solar radiation, high temperatures, and significantly reduced rainfall. This period often sees a build-up of pollutants due to reduced atmospheric cleansing through precipitation. The lack of rain also contributes to increased dust levels, particularly from agricultural fields and unpaved roads, exacerbating respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, though not as frequent as in colder climates, can occasionally occur during the dry season, trapping pollutants near the ground. Conversely, the wet season (December to June) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally flushing the atmosphere of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants. Stronger winds associated with occasional thunderstorms also aid in dispersion. February and March often experience a transitional period with increased humidity and sporadic rainfall, which can temporarily improve air quality. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, particularly from March to May. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding strenuous activity during peak heat hours. Agricultural burning, a common practice in the surrounding areas, can significantly degrade air quality during the dry season, creating localized pollution hotspots. The increased humidity during the wet season can, however, promote the growth of mold and mildew, potentially affecting indoor air quality.