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Parambu, nestled in the interior of Ceará state, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Northeast region. Located at approximately -6.2108° latitude and -40.6939° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the broader Borborema Plateau, characterized by rolling hills and valleys. Its elevation, around 450 meters above sea level, contributes to a generally drier climate compared to coastal areas. The surrounding landscape is predominantly *caatinga*, a unique thorny scrub biome adapted to arid and semi-arid conditions, featuring xerophytic vegetation and sparse grasslands. This vegetation, while resilient, can contribute to particulate matter during the dry season when wildfires are a risk. Parambu’s proximity to the Rio Poti, a vital water source for the region, influences local microclimates and humidity levels, though the river’s impact on air quality is generally minimal. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural activities, primarily subsistence farming and livestock grazing, dominating the areas immediately surrounding the city. While Parambu itself is not a major industrial hub, it serves as a regional service center, and occasional transport of goods and agricultural products contributes to localized emissions. The plateau’s topography can also trap pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, creating conditions conducive to stagnant air and localized air quality concerns. The regional position, far from major coastal industrial belts, generally results in lower overall pollution levels compared to larger Brazilian cities.

Parambu’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry seasonal cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from August to November, is characterized by intense heat, low humidity, and infrequent rainfall. This period often sees a rise in particulate matter concentrations, primarily due to increased dust from agricultural activities, soil erosion exacerbated by dry winds, and the heightened risk of *caatinga* wildfires. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler nights of this season, can trap pollutants near the ground, worsening local air quality. Conversely, the wet season, from February to May, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and significantly reducing particulate matter. The increased rainfall also suppresses wildfire risk. During the transitional months (June-July and December-January), wind patterns become more variable, influencing pollutant dispersion. Strong winds can quickly clear stagnant air, while calmer periods can lead to localized pollution build-up. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak heat and avoiding areas prone to dust or smoke. The transitional months require vigilance, monitoring local conditions and adjusting outdoor plans accordingly. While the wet season generally offers improved air quality, heavy rainfall can occasionally lead to flooding, which can stir up sediments and temporarily degrade air quality. The overall pattern suggests that minimizing agricultural burning and implementing fire prevention measures during the dry season are crucial for protecting public health.