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Aracruz, Espírito Santo, Brazil, occupies a strategically important coastal position within the state’s northern region, approximately 110 kilometers north of Vitória, the state capital. Its coordinates (-19.8203, -40.2733) place it squarely within a humid tropical climate zone, heavily influenced by the Atlantic Ocean. The city’s terrain is characterized by a gently undulating landscape, transitioning from coastal plains to low hills inland, with elevations rarely exceeding 100 meters above sea level. This relatively flat topography, combined with proximity to the ocean, can exacerbate air pollution episodes, particularly when stagnant air conditions prevail. Aracruz is surrounded by a mosaic of landscapes: to the east lies the expansive Atlantic coastline, featuring beaches and mangrove ecosystems; to the west, the terrain rises slightly, giving way to agricultural lands primarily dedicated to sugarcane cultivation and cocoa plantations, a significant regional industry. Further inland, remnants of Atlantic Forest biome persist, though fragmented. The urban–rural gradient is relatively gradual, with smaller settlements and agricultural areas interspersed throughout the municipality. A key factor impacting air quality is the presence of the industrial belt concentrated around the port area, supporting the pulp and paper industry, a major employer in Aracruz. This industrial activity, alongside vehicle emissions from the growing population and agricultural burning practices during drier periods, contributes to localized air pollution challenges. The prevailing easterly trade winds generally provide some degree of dispersion, but their effectiveness is diminished during periods of atmospheric stability.

Aracruz’s tropical climate dictates a wet and dry season pattern, significantly influencing its air quality profile. The dry season, typically spanning from August to December, presents the greatest air quality concerns. Reduced rainfall leads to lower atmospheric moisture, promoting the accumulation of particulate matter, particularly from agricultural burning practices used for land clearing and sugarcane preparation. These controlled burns, while traditional, release significant quantities of smoke and pollutants into the atmosphere. Meteorological conditions during this period often involve temperature inversions, where a layer of warm air traps cooler air near the ground, preventing vertical mixing and concentrating pollutants. The months of September and October are particularly susceptible to elevated particulate levels. Conversely, the wet season (January to July) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and dispersing pollutants. Frequent rain showers effectively ‘wash out’ particulate matter, leading to improved air quality. Stronger winds associated with occasional tropical disturbances also aid in dispersion. While the wet season generally offers respite, periods of dense fog, particularly in the early morning hours, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap pollutants close to the ground. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting prolonged outdoor exposure and avoiding areas near agricultural fields during burning periods. During the wet season, while generally cleaner, vigilance is still advised during foggy mornings.