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Caçu, Goiás, nestled within the Brazilian Cerrado biome, occupies a geographically significant position in the state’s expanding agricultural heartland. Located at approximately -18.5569° latitude and -51.1308° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 375 meters (1230 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains, typical of the Cerrado, interspersed with patches of gallery forests along seasonal streams. While Caçu itself lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, the Rio Paranã, a vital waterway for the region, flows within a reasonable distance, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The urban fabric of Caçu is primarily defined by its role as a service center for the extensive agricultural operations that dominate the region. Soy cultivation, corn, and cattle ranching are the dominant land uses, creating a strong urban–rural gradient. The city’s location within a rapidly developing agricultural belt means it’s susceptible to agricultural emissions, including dust from tilling and harvesting, and potential runoff containing fertilizers and pesticides. The Cerrado’s natural vegetation, while providing some air filtration, is increasingly fragmented by agricultural expansion. The prevailing winds, generally from the east-southeast, can transport pollutants from nearby agricultural areas and, occasionally, from larger industrial centers further afield, impacting Caçu’s air quality. The relatively flat terrain can also exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability.

Caçu’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from May to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense sunshine. This period frequently sees a rise in particulate matter due to increased agricultural activity – the burning of crop residues after harvest is a common practice, releasing significant amounts of smoke and dust into the atmosphere. The drier air also allows for greater dispersion of these particles, though temperature inversions, particularly during the cooler mornings, can trap pollutants close to the ground, leading to localized episodes of reduced visibility and potential respiratory irritation. The wet season, from October to April, brings higher humidity and frequent rainfall, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of mold spores and allergens, impacting those with sensitivities. During the wet season, the increased cloud cover reduces solar radiation, which can slightly decrease the formation of ground-level ozone. Individuals with respiratory conditions, such as asthma, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly in the mornings. Children and the elderly are also more vulnerable to the effects of air pollution and should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during periods of elevated particulate matter. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can provide some relief.