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Jataí, Goiás, nestled in the Brazilian Cerrado biome, presents a unique geographic profile influencing its air quality. Located at approximately -17.8808° latitude and -51.7139° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of around 433 meters (1,421 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer. The surrounding landscape is dominated by the characteristic savanna vegetation of the Cerrado, a mosaic of grasslands, woodlands, and gallery forests, interspersed with patches of *cerrado senso estrito* vegetation. This biome, while naturally fire-prone during the dry season, also acts as a carbon sink under normal conditions. Jataí’s position within the larger Goiano Cerrado region places it within a significant agricultural belt, with extensive soybean, maize, and cattle farming operations prevalent in the surrounding areas. This agricultural activity, coupled with the increasing presence of biofuel production facilities, introduces potential sources of particulate matter and volatile organic compounds. The urban–rural gradient transitions relatively quickly, with agricultural land bordering the city limits. While Jataí lacks significant proximity to major rivers, groundwater resources are important, and localized wetlands contribute to humidity levels. The city’s relatively flat terrain, typical of the southern Cerrado, can exacerbate the accumulation of pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. The regional climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season, further modulates air quality dynamics, as detailed below. The city’s growth, driven by agricultural expansion and related industries, has led to increased vehicular traffic and construction activities, adding to localized pollution sources.

Jataí’s tropical savanna climate dictates a pronounced wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased wind variability. This period often witnesses a rise in particulate matter concentrations, stemming from agricultural burning practices used for land clearing and crop residue management. While controlled burns are sometimes permitted, illegal and uncontrolled fires are a recurring concern, significantly degrading air quality and posing respiratory health risks. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months (June-August), trap pollutants near the ground, intensifying their impact. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. Frequent rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the air. However, periods of prolonged fog, particularly in October and November, can temporarily reduce visibility and trap moisture-borne pollutants. Wind patterns during the wet season are generally more consistent, dispersing pollutants more effectively. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and avoiding areas with visible smoke. During the wet season, while overall air quality improves, individuals with allergies should be mindful of increased pollen and mold spore counts. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is advisable year-round, especially during periods of agricultural burning.