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Piracanjuba, nestled in the state of Goiás, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the Cerrado biome. Located at -17.3028 latitude and -49.0178 longitude, the city sits on gently undulating terrain, typical of the Brazilian Highlands. The elevation, averaging around 800-900 meters above sea level, contributes to a relatively mild climate, though diurnal temperature variations can be significant. Piracanjuba isn’t directly adjacent to major bodies of water; however, it’s situated within the drainage basin of the Rio Piracanjuba, a tributary of the Araguaia River. This riverine network influences local humidity and can contribute to localized fog formation. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, dominated by soybean, corn, and sugarcane cultivation, alongside cattle ranching. This agricultural intensity is a key factor influencing air quality. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to expansive farmland. While not a major industrial hub, the processing of agricultural products within and around Piracanjuba generates localised emissions. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during dry periods, is a significant contributor to particulate matter. The city’s location, shielded by higher terrain to the west, can sometimes trap pollutants, exacerbating air quality issues.

Piracanjuba experiences a distinct wet and dry season, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality in Piracanjuba is most compromised during the dry season (May to September). Reduced rainfall leads to increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands, significantly elevating particulate matter concentrations. Lower humidity also means pollutants are less likely to be washed out of the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, common during cool, clear nights in the dry season, trap pollutants near ground level, worsening conditions. August and September are typically the months with the poorest air quality. Conversely, the wet season (October to April) brings relief. Frequent rainfall effectively scrubs the atmosphere, reducing particulate matter and other pollutants. However, increased humidity can also promote the growth of molds and fungi, potentially impacting respiratory health. November to February generally offer the best air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during the peak of the dry season. During the wet season, monitoring for mold growth indoors is advisable. Wind patterns, generally from the southeast, can transport pollutants from agricultural burning further afield, impacting Piracanjuba even during the wet season.