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Aquidauana, nestled in the heart of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Pantanal floodplain. Located at approximately -20.4711° latitude and -55.7872° longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly low-lying, averaging around 80 meters above sea level, and characterized by a mosaic of grasslands, wetlands, and gallery forests. The Paraguay River, a major artery of the Pantanal, flows nearby, influencing local climate and hydrology. Aquidauana’s urban footprint is relatively small, reflecting its role as a regional service center for agricultural activities rather than a major industrial hub. The surrounding landscape is overwhelmingly rural, dominated by extensive cattle ranches and soybean farms, creating a distinct urban–rural gradient. This agricultural intensity contributes to potential air quality challenges, particularly related to agricultural burning practices. The city’s location within the Pantanal also means it experiences seasonal flooding, which can temporarily impact air quality by mobilizing dust and particulate matter. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the region’s agricultural processing facilities and transportation networks (roads and waterways) can contribute to localized pollution sources. The relatively flat topography and limited natural barriers can also exacerbate the dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed. The Pantanal’s vastness and its role as a crucial watershed influence regional weather patterns, impacting the city’s microclimate and, consequently, its air quality dynamics.

Aquidauana’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is often characterized by lower humidity and increased temperatures, creating conditions conducive to agricultural burning. Farmers frequently employ controlled burns to clear land for planting or pasture, releasing significant quantities of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and other pollutants into the atmosphere. This period often sees a noticeable increase in haze and reduced visibility. Meteorological conditions during the dry season, including periods of calm winds and temperature inversions, can trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating their impact. The months of August and September are particularly concerning due to the peak of burning activity. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. Frequent rainfall events and increased wind speeds associated with the wet season disperse pollutants more effectively. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased soil erosion and the mobilization of dust, temporarily degrading air quality. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during periods of heavy smoke. Staying indoors with air filtration can provide some relief. During the wet season, while generally cleaner, vigilance regarding potential dust events following heavy rainfall is advisable.