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Iguatemi, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion. Located at approximately -23.6800 latitude and -54.5608 longitude, the city’s terrain is gently undulating, characteristic of the broader Pantanal-Cerrado transition zone. The elevation is relatively low, averaging around 300 meters above sea level, contributing to a generally stable atmospheric layer, though susceptible to temperature inversions under specific conditions. Surrounding Iguatemi is a mosaic of Cerrado vegetation – grasslands interspersed with gallery forests along seasonal streams – and increasingly, agricultural land. The Pantanal floodplain, a globally significant wetland, lies to the west, influencing regional weather patterns and potentially impacting air quality through moisture transport. While Iguatemi itself is a small municipality with a population of just over 13,000, it sits within a region experiencing agricultural expansion, particularly soybean and cattle farming. This agricultural activity, coupled with the potential for localized burning during land clearing, represents a key factor influencing air quality. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; the city is bordered directly by agricultural fields and Cerrado, meaning pollutants from these sources can readily impact the urban environment. The lack of major industrial zones within Iguatemi itself mitigates some pollution risks, but the regional agricultural landscape and its associated practices remain a crucial consideration for air quality management. The climate is humid subtropical, with distinct wet and dry seasons, further shaping atmospheric conditions.

Iguatemi’s air quality follows a distinct seasonal pattern dictated by its humid subtropical climate. The wet season, typically spanning from October to March, brings abundant rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as precipitation washes away particulate matter and increased moisture traps pollutants. However, periods of intense rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release methane and other gases, impacting local air quality. The dry season, from April to September, presents a different challenge. Reduced rainfall and increased evapotranspiration lead to lower humidity, creating a more stable atmospheric layer. This stability can trap pollutants, particularly during periods of agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, further exacerbating this effect. The months of August and September often experience the poorest air quality due to a combination of dry conditions, increased agricultural activity, and the potential for controlled burns. During the wet season, outdoor activities are generally favoured, although heavy rainfall can limit visibility. Sensitive groups, such as children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly when agricultural burning is occurring. Monitoring local weather reports and avoiding outdoor exertion during periods of smoke haze is advisable. The transition months of March/April and September/October can be unpredictable, with fluctuating air quality depending on rainfall patterns and agricultural practices.