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Paranhos, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, occupies a strategic position within the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion that dominates central Brazil. Located at approximately -23.8928° latitude and -55.4308° longitude, the city sits at a modest elevation of around 280 meters above sea level, contributing to a relatively stable atmospheric layer. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains punctuated by gallery forests along the Paranhos River, a tributary of the Paraná River basin. This riverine influence moderates local temperatures but also introduces potential sources of humidity and localized fog formation. The urban footprint of Paranhos is small, reflecting its status as a regional service center rather than a major industrial hub. However, its proximity to extensive agricultural zones, particularly soybean and cattle farming, significantly impacts its air quality profile. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities dominating the immediate periphery. While Paranhos itself lacks large-scale industrial belts, the transportation of agricultural goods via road networks generates particulate matter and emissions from diesel vehicles. The Cerrado’s characteristic dry season, coupled with the prevalence of agricultural burning for land clearing and crop residue management, creates conditions conducive to elevated levels of smoke and particulate pollution. The relatively flat terrain limits dispersion of pollutants, particularly during periods of low wind speed, exacerbating local air quality challenges. The city’s location within a broader agricultural heartland makes it susceptible to regional pollution events originating from distant agricultural fires.

Paranhos experiences a distinct tropical wet and dry climate, profoundly influencing its air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is the period of greatest concern. During these months, reduced rainfall and increased temperatures create a stable atmospheric environment, often leading to temperature inversions where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air. This inversion prevents the vertical dispersion of pollutants, resulting in their accumulation near ground level. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land preparation and pasture management, intensifies significantly during this period, releasing substantial quantities of particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and other harmful gases. The prevailing winds during the dry season are often light and variable, further hindering pollutant dispersal. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. Frequent rainfall events wash away particulate matter, and higher wind speeds associated with convective storms promote better ventilation. However, periods of prolonged fog, particularly in the early morning hours, can temporarily trap moisture and pollutants near the surface. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and avoiding areas with visible smoke. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration is also advisable during these months. The transition periods between wet and dry seasons often exhibit fluctuating air quality conditions, requiring vigilance and adaptive strategies.