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Rio Verde de Mato Grosso, nestled in the heart of Mato Grosso do Sul state, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome. Located at approximately -18.9178° latitude and -54.8439° longitude, the city’s terrain is characterized by gently undulating plains, typical of the Cerrado landscape, with elevations generally ranging between 300 and 400 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation contributes to a tendency for temperature inversions, particularly during the drier months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. The surrounding landscape is dominated by vast expanses of savanna vegetation, interspersed with cattle ranches and soybean farms – a defining feature of the region’s agricultural economy. The urban–rural gradient transitions rapidly, with agricultural land bordering the city limits. While Rio Verde de Mato Grosso lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, it benefits from groundwater resources, influencing local microclimates. The city’s regional position places it within a zone experiencing increasing agricultural intensification, leading to potential impacts from fertilizer use and pesticide application. Furthermore, its location within the broader Brazilian agricultural belt means it is susceptible to dust events originating from agricultural activities and soil erosion, particularly during the dry season. The prevailing winds, often influenced by regional weather patterns, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants within the city and surrounding areas, impacting air quality dynamics.

Rio Verde de Mato Grosso experiences a tropical savanna climate, defined by distinct wet and dry seasons, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by reduced rainfall, higher temperatures, and increased frequency of temperature inversions. These inversions trap pollutants, leading to periods of stagnant air and potentially elevated concentrations of particulate matter and other emissions from agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue management. Dust storms, originating from exposed agricultural fields, are also more frequent during this period. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally scavenges pollutants from the atmosphere, leading to improved air quality. Stronger winds associated with convective rainfall events also help disperse pollutants. Fog, though infrequent, can occur during cooler nights in the dry season, further exacerbating pollution trapping. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion during these times and monitoring local air quality reports is advisable. The transition months (March/April and September/October) often present a mixed picture, with fluctuating conditions and potential for both improved and degraded air quality. Careful observation of weather patterns and adherence to public health advisories are recommended throughout the year.