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Itiquira, nestled within the heart of Mato Grosso, Brazil, occupies a geographically significant position within the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion. Located at approximately -17.2089° latitude and -54.1500° longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating plains, characteristic of the southern Cerrado, with elevations generally ranging between 300 and 450 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation, combined with the region’s subtropical climate, influences local air circulation patterns. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of native grasslands, gallery forests lining ephemeral streams, and increasingly, extensive agricultural lands dedicated to soybean and cattle farming – dominant features of the regional economy. Itiquira sits within a significant agricultural belt, and the urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural activities directly impacting the city’s air quality. While Itiquira lacks immediate proximity to major rivers, the presence of smaller tributaries and seasonal streams contributes to localized humidity, which can affect pollutant dispersion. The city’s location, far from major industrial centers, means that industrial pollution is less of a direct concern; however, agricultural practices, including burning for land clearing and fertilizer use, represent the primary drivers of localized air quality challenges. The prevailing winds, generally from the southeast during certain times of the year, can transport pollutants from surrounding agricultural areas into the city, impacting residents’ exposure.

Itiquira’s tropical savanna climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly influencing its air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and increased temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense heat. This period frequently witnesses a rise in particulate matter concentrations, largely attributable to agricultural burning practices used for land preparation and pasture management. The lack of rainfall allows these emissions to persist for longer durations, and the drier air can exacerbate respiratory issues. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler months of the dry season, trap pollutants near the ground, further degrading air quality. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, naturally cleansing the atmosphere and reducing particulate concentrations. The increased rainfall effectively ‘washes’ pollutants from the air, leading to improved air quality during these months. Fog, though infrequent, can occasionally form during the cooler mornings of the wet season, temporarily trapping pollutants and reducing visibility. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Limiting outdoor exertion and utilizing air filtration systems indoors can mitigate exposure. The transition months (March/April and September/October) often present unpredictable air quality conditions, requiring vigilance and awareness of local fire activity.