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Jaciara, nestled in the heart of Mato Grosso, Brazil, occupies a strategic position within the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna transitioning towards the Amazon rainforest. Located at approximately -15.9650° latitude and -54.9678° longitude, the city sits at an elevation of roughly 330 meters (1,083 feet) above sea level, contributing to a relatively mild climate. The surrounding landscape is characterized by undulating plains, interspersed with gallery forests along the Claro River, a vital waterway that bisects the municipality. This riverine influence moderates temperatures and provides a source of water for agriculture and human consumption. Jaciara’s regional position places it within a significant agricultural belt, primarily focused on soybean and maize cultivation, alongside cattle ranching. This intensive agricultural activity, coupled with the increasing use of machinery and fertilizers, represents a key factor influencing local air quality. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp; Jaciara itself is a modest-sized town, but its proximity to extensive agricultural lands means that agricultural emissions readily impact the city’s air. The terrain, while generally flat, can experience localized variations that influence wind patterns and the dispersion of pollutants. The Cerrado’s characteristic dry season, combined with the prevalence of agricultural burning, often exacerbates air quality challenges. The city’s growth is intrinsically linked to the expansion of agribusiness, creating a complex interplay between economic development and environmental sustainability.

Jaciara’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, presents the most significant air quality concerns. During this period, reduced rainfall and increased temperatures create conditions conducive to the accumulation of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue removal, becomes widespread, releasing substantial quantities of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. Stagnant air masses, often associated with temperature inversions, trap these pollutants near the ground, leading to periods of reduced visibility and elevated air quality concerns. The months of August and September are particularly challenging, coinciding with peak burning activity. Conversely, the wet season (October to March) brings relief, with frequent rainfall washing away particulate matter and diluting gaseous pollutants. Higher humidity and increased cloud cover can also reduce solar radiation, impacting photochemical reactions that contribute to ozone formation. While the wet season generally improves air quality, periods of heavy fog can temporarily trap moisture and pollutants, creating localized air quality issues. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, limiting outdoor activities during peak burning periods and seeking shelter indoors when air quality is visibly impacted. Maintaining indoor air quality through ventilation and air purification can also provide some protection.