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Poconé, nestled in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, occupies a strategically important location within the Pantanal floodplain, the world’s largest tropical wetland. Situated at approximately -16.2569° latitude and -56.6228° longitude, the city’s geography is dominated by the vast, seasonally inundated landscape of the Pantanal. The terrain is generally flat, with elevations rarely exceeding 150 meters above sea level, contributing to a low wind shear environment which can trap pollutants. Poconé lies on the banks of the Poconé River, a major tributary of the Paraguay River, influencing local humidity and microclimates. The surrounding landscape is a mosaic of grasslands, forests, and seasonally flooded areas, supporting a rich biodiversity. The city’s urban character is developing, transitioning from a primarily agricultural service center to a growing regional hub, partly fueled by its proximity to the Porto Esperança grain port, a significant logistical node for agricultural exports. This port and the associated agricultural zones to the north and west represent a key source of potential air pollution, particularly during harvest seasons. The urban–rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural land quickly enveloping the city limits. The Pantanal’s extensive wetlands act as a natural filter, but also as a potential sink for pollutants, impacting water quality and, indirectly, air quality through evapotranspiration. The region's climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season, significantly influences the dispersion of airborne particles and gases.

Poconé’s tropical climate dictates a pronounced wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality. The dry season, typically from April to September, is characterized by lower rainfall and higher temperatures, often accompanied by periods of intense heat. This leads to increased stagnant air conditions, particularly during temperature inversions which frequently occur in the evenings. These inversions trap pollutants near the ground, exacerbating any existing emissions from agricultural burning, vehicle traffic, and the Porto Esperança port. Dust from agricultural fields, especially during land preparation and harvesting, becomes a significant particulate matter source. The wet season, from October to March, brings frequent rainfall and higher humidity, generally leading to improved air quality as pollutants are washed from the atmosphere. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to flooding, which can release methane and other gases from the saturated wetlands, contributing to localized air quality concerns. Fog, common during the transition months, can also trap pollutants, creating temporary pockets of poor air quality. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly during periods of agricultural burning. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the wet season, although vigilance regarding potential flooding impacts is advised. The intensity of agricultural activity and the frequency of controlled burns are key factors influencing seasonal air quality fluctuations, making late harvest periods (September-October) particularly challenging.