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Poxoréo, nestled within the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position in the Cerrado biome, a vast tropical savanna ecoregion. Located at approximately -15.8369° latitude and -54.3889° longitude, the city’s terrain is predominantly undulating plains, characteristic of the southern Cerrado, with elevations generally ranging between 250 and 350 meters above sea level. This relatively low elevation, combined with the region’s flat topography, can contribute to the stagnation of air pollutants, particularly during periods of atmospheric stability. Poxoréo’s proximity to extensive agricultural lands, including soybean and maize farms, is a defining feature of its landscape and a significant factor influencing air quality. The surrounding area is dominated by cleared land for agriculture and pasture, with scattered remnants of native Cerrado vegetation. The urban–rural gradient is sharp, transitioning quickly from the town’s limited urban core to intensive agricultural operations. While Poxoréo is not directly adjacent to major rivers, it benefits from seasonal streams and groundwater resources. The city’s regional position within Mato Grosso, a major agricultural powerhouse, means it is subject to the impacts of large-scale farming practices, including the burning of agricultural residues, which can significantly impact regional air quality. The prevailing winds, often influenced by the South American Monsoon system, play a crucial role in dispersing or concentrating pollutants, and the local climate, characterized by a distinct wet and dry season, further modulates atmospheric conditions.

Poxoréo’s tropical climate dictates a distinct wet and dry season cycle, profoundly impacting air quality throughout the year. The dry season, typically spanning from April to September, is often characterized by lower humidity and increased temperatures, creating conditions conducive to the accumulation of pollutants. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and residue disposal, intensifies during this period, releasing substantial amounts of particulate matter and gases into the atmosphere. Temperature inversions, where cooler air is trapped beneath a layer of warmer air, are more frequent during the dry season, further hindering vertical mixing and exacerbating pollution levels. The wet season, from October to March, brings increased rainfall and higher humidity, which naturally helps to cleanse the air by washing away particulate matter. However, heavy rainfall can also lead to increased levels of ozone, a secondary pollutant formed through photochemical reactions. Fog, particularly during the transition months, can trap pollutants near the ground, creating localized air quality concerns. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the dry season, particularly in months like August and September when agricultural burning is typically at its peak. Limiting outdoor exertion and avoiding areas with visible smoke are advisable. During the wet season, while overall air quality tends to improve, monitoring for ozone levels, especially on sunny days, is prudent. Maintaining indoor air quality through proper ventilation and air filtration can provide additional protection.