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Ribeirão das Neves occupies a distinctive position within Brazil's Minas Gerais state, situated approximately 30 kilometers northwest of Belo Horizonte in the Metropolitan Region of Belo Horizonte (RMBH). The city lies within the Brazilian Highlands at an elevation around 800 meters above sea level, characterized by gently rolling hills and valleys typical of the region's topography. This elevated terrain creates a natural basin effect that can trap pollutants, particularly when combined with the area's frequent temperature inversions. The urban landscape represents a transitional zone between the dense metropolitan core of Belo Horizonte and the more rural interior of Minas Gerais, creating an urban-rural gradient where agricultural activities meet expanding urban development. While no major rivers flow directly through the city center, the region is part of the Paraopeba River basin, with smaller tributaries and streams influencing local microclimates. The city's proximity to Belo Horizonte places it within an industrial and transportation corridor, with vehicle emissions from the BR-040 highway and regional industrial activities contributing to air quality challenges. The surrounding landscape features remnants of Atlantic Forest vegetation mixed with agricultural zones, though urban expansion has significantly altered the natural environment. This geographic positioning creates complex air quality dynamics where local emissions interact with regional pollution transported from Belo Horizonte, particularly during periods of atmospheric stagnation.

Ribeirão das Neves experiences distinct seasonal air quality patterns influenced by the tropical savanna climate of Brazil's interior highlands. During the dry winter months from May to September, air quality typically deteriorates as reduced rainfall allows pollutants to accumulate in the atmosphere. The coldest months of June and July bring frequent temperature inversions that trap emissions near ground level, creating persistent haze conditions that can last for days. This period poses particular risks for children, elderly residents, and those with respiratory conditions, who should limit prolonged outdoor exposure during morning hours when inversions are strongest. The spring transition from September to November brings increasing rainfall that helps cleanse the atmosphere, though occasional dust from agricultural activities and construction can create temporary spikes in particulate matter. Summer months from December to February experience the highest rainfall, with frequent afternoon thunderstorms that effectively wash pollutants from the air, making this the most favorable period for outdoor activities. However, increased traffic during holiday periods and occasional biomass burning can create short-term air quality issues. Autumn from March to May sees gradually decreasing precipitation, with pollution levels beginning to rise as the dry season approaches. Throughout the year, wind patterns play a crucial role, with southeasterly winds generally bringing cleaner air from less developed regions, while northerly winds can transport pollution from Belo Horizonte's industrial areas toward Ribeirão das Neves.