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Campo Mourão, nestled in the heart of Paraná state, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the southern Brazilian landscape. Located at approximately -24.0458° latitude and -52.3828° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau, part of the larger Paraná Plateau, at an elevation of around 530 meters above sea level. This plateau terrain, while generally favorable for drainage, can contribute to localized air stagnation under certain meteorological conditions. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by extensive soybean, maize, and sugarcane fields – a significant factor influencing regional air quality. Campo Mourão acts as a regional hub for this agricultural belt, with associated processing and transportation activities. To the west, the landscape gradually transitions to more forested areas, while eastward, the agricultural intensity continues. The city’s urban form is relatively compact, exhibiting a gradual urban–rural gradient as one moves outwards. While not directly adjacent to major rivers, Campo Mourão benefits from several smaller streams and tributaries, contributing to local humidity. The proximity to industrial zones in larger cities like Ponta Grossa, roughly 120 kilometers north, introduces a degree of regional industrial influence on air quality, though direct emissions are less impactful than agricultural practices and seasonal biomass burning. The city’s location within a subtropical climate zone, coupled with its plateau setting, creates a unique interplay of factors affecting atmospheric conditions and pollutant dispersion.

Campo Mourão’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The warmer months, typically December to March, coincide with the rainy season and often experience elevated levels of humidity, which can trap pollutants close to the ground. Agricultural burning, a common practice for land clearing and crop residue disposal, significantly contributes to particulate matter pollution during this period, particularly in January and February. The dry season, from April to September, brings cooler temperatures and generally improved air quality, although temperature inversions can occasionally occur, trapping pollutants in the lower atmosphere. These inversions, more frequent in June and July, can lead to localized episodes of poor air quality. Wind patterns play a crucial role; consistent breezes help disperse pollutants, but periods of calm exacerbate stagnation. Fog, common during the cooler months, further restricts dispersion. Spring (September-November) often sees a gradual improvement in air quality as agricultural burning decreases and temperatures rise. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions, should exercise caution during the burning season and be mindful of potential temperature inversion events. During the rainy season, increased humidity can aggravate respiratory issues. Outdoor activities are generally more favorable during the dry season, particularly when winds are moderate. It’s advisable to monitor local air quality reports and adjust outdoor plans accordingly, especially during periods of agricultural activity or when fog is present.