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Cêrro Azul, nestled in the state of Paraná, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the rolling hills of the Second Paraná Plateau. Located at coordinates -24.8239, -49.2608, the city’s elevation contributes to specific microclimatic conditions influencing air quality. The surrounding landscape is predominantly characterized by Atlantic Forest remnants and agricultural lands, primarily soybean and corn cultivation. This blend of natural vegetation and intensive farming practices plays a crucial role in local air quality dynamics. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with the city centre transitioning quickly to rural farmland. While not directly adjacent to major industrial belts, the broader Paraná state experiences industrial activity concentrated around larger cities like Londrina and Maringá, with potential for long-range pollutant transport. The lack of significant bodies of water immediately adjacent to Cêrro Azul means limited evaporative cooling, potentially exacerbating temperature inversions. Topography, with its undulating terrain, can trap pollutants in valleys, especially during stable atmospheric conditions. The city’s relatively small size and dispersed population contribute to a reliance on vehicle transport, a key source of localised emissions. Understanding these geographical factors is vital for assessing and mitigating air pollution challenges in Cêrro Azul.

Air quality in Cêrro Azul experiences distinct seasonal variations tied to Paraná’s subtropical climate. The dry season, typically from May to September, often sees a concentration of particulate matter due to reduced rainfall and increased dust from agricultural activities. Lower humidity during these months also inhibits the natural scavenging of pollutants from the atmosphere. August and September are often the months with the poorest air quality, coinciding with peak agricultural burning for land preparation. Conversely, the wet season, from October to April, generally brings improved air quality as rainfall washes pollutants from the air. However, increased humidity can also foster fungal spore growth, potentially impacting respiratory health. November and December, while wetter, can experience localised pollution from increased vehicle traffic during the harvest season. Temperature inversions, common during the cooler winter months (June-August), trap pollutants near the ground, worsening air quality. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during dry periods and periods of temperature inversion. Monitoring wind patterns is crucial, as winds from agricultural areas can carry smoke and dust into the city.