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Guaraniaçu, nestled in the state of Paraná, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the rolling hills of the second Paraná Plateau. Located at coordinates -25.1008, -52.8778, the city’s terrain is characterised by undulating landscapes, typical of the region’s ancient geological formations. With a population of approximately 13,735, Guaraniaçu maintains a strong rural character, transitioning gradually into more concentrated urban areas. The surrounding landscape is dominated by agricultural lands, primarily dedicated to soybean, corn, and wheat cultivation, alongside patches of native *Mata Atlântica* forest remnants. The Ivaí River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localised temperature inversions. While not directly within a major industrial belt, the increasing mechanisation of agriculture and associated transport networks contribute to particulate matter emissions. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with agricultural burning practices in surrounding areas impacting air quality within the city limits. The elevation, around 550-600m, influences atmospheric circulation patterns, potentially trapping pollutants during stable atmospheric conditions. This combination of factors creates a specific air quality profile for Guaraniaçu, influenced by both local activities and regional meteorological conditions.

Guaraniaçu experiences a humid subtropical climate, with distinct wet and dry seasons rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to March) due to increased rainfall which effectively washes particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, high humidity can also contribute to the formation of secondary pollutants. The dry season (April to September) presents the greatest air quality challenges. Agricultural burning, common during land preparation for the next planting cycle, significantly elevates particulate matter levels, particularly in May and June. Stable atmospheric conditions during this period, coupled with lower wind speeds, exacerbate pollution. Temperature inversions, frequently occurring in the mornings, trap pollutants near the ground. August and September often see increased dust from agricultural activities. Sensitive groups – children, the elderly, and those with respiratory conditions – should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these peak pollution months. Fog, common in cooler months, can also trap pollutants. Monitoring wind direction is crucial; winds from agricultural areas will likely carry higher pollutant concentrations. Overall, the wet season offers the most favourable conditions for outdoor activity.