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Mandirituba, Paraná, Brazil, occupies a strategically important position within the broader Curitiba metropolitan region, yet retains a distinct rural character. Located at approximately -25.7789° latitude and -49.3258° longitude, the city sits on a gently undulating plateau within the Paraná River basin, an area historically shaped by fluvial deposition and later, agricultural development. The surrounding landscape is predominantly agricultural, characterized by extensive soybean and maize cultivation, interspersed with pastureland for cattle ranching. This proximity to intensive agricultural zones significantly influences Mandirituba’s air quality profile, particularly concerning particulate matter from soil erosion and agricultural burning practices. The urban fabric of Mandirituba is relatively low-density, transitioning gradually into the rural surroundings, creating a noticeable urban–rural gradient. Elevation averages around 950 meters above sea level, contributing to occasional temperature inversions, especially during the cooler months, which can trap pollutants near the ground. While not directly adjacent to a major river, the Paraná River’s influence is felt regionally, impacting humidity levels and weather patterns. The city’s location, nestled within a fertile agricultural belt and within reach of Curitiba’s industrial zones, creates a complex interplay of factors affecting air quality, balancing agricultural emissions with potential industrial influences carried by prevailing winds. The terrain, while generally flat, can create localized microclimates affecting pollutant dispersion.

Mandirituba’s subtropical climate dictates a distinct seasonal pattern in air quality. The warmer, wetter months (roughly November to March) typically see improved air quality due to increased rainfall, which naturally washes away particulate matter and dilutes gaseous pollutants. However, this period also coincides with the start of the agricultural burning season, a practice used to clear land for planting, which can lead to spikes in particulate pollution, particularly in late November and December. The dry season (April to September) presents a different set of challenges. Reduced rainfall and lower humidity contribute to a build-up of pollutants. Temperature inversions are more frequent during the cooler months (June-August), trapping pollutants close to the ground, especially in the mornings. These inversions, combined with calmer wind conditions, can significantly degrade air quality. The months of July and August often experience fog, further exacerbating the issue by reducing pollutant dispersion. During these periods, sensitive groups like children, the elderly, and individuals with respiratory conditions should limit outdoor activity, particularly during peak pollution hours. The transition months (October and March) are generally more variable, with air quality fluctuating depending on rainfall patterns and agricultural practices. While the wet season offers respite, the agricultural burning season remains a significant concern, requiring vigilance and adherence to local regulations to minimize its impact on public health. Consistent monitoring and public awareness campaigns are crucial for mitigating seasonal air quality fluctuations.