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Nova Londrina, nestled in the state of Paraná, Brazil, occupies a relatively flat portion of the Paraná Plateau at an elevation of approximately 550 meters. Its coordinates (-22.7658, -52.9850) place it within a transitional zone between the cerrado savanna and the Atlantic Forest biome, though much of the original vegetation has been converted to agricultural land. The city’s surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive soybean and corn farms, interspersed with patches of remaining native forest. The Ivaí River flows nearby, influencing local humidity and potentially contributing to localized temperature inversions, especially during calmer periods. While not a major industrial hub, Nova Londrina serves as a regional service center for the agricultural sector, leading to increased truck traffic and associated emissions. The urban-rural gradient is quite sharp; the city’s small population of around 12,923 is concentrated in a compact area, quickly giving way to vast agricultural expanses. This proximity to large-scale farming practices, including the use of fertilizers and pesticides, and the associated dust from soil preparation, significantly impacts local air quality. The prevailing winds, generally from the south and southwest, can transport pollutants from agricultural activities directly through the city. The terrain offers little natural shielding from these winds.

Nova Londrina experiences a humid subtropical climate with distinct wet and dry seasons, rather than traditional four seasons. Air quality generally improves during the wet season (October to April) due to rainfall effectively scavenging particulate matter from the atmosphere. However, increased humidity can also foster mold growth, potentially exacerbating respiratory issues. The dry season (May to September) presents the greatest air quality challenges. During this period, agricultural activities intensify – land preparation, planting, and harvesting – releasing significant amounts of dust and particulate matter. Temperature inversions are more frequent in the cooler mornings of the dry season, trapping pollutants near ground level. August and September are typically the months with the poorest air quality due to the peak of agricultural activity and stable atmospheric conditions. Sensitive groups, including children, the elderly, and individuals with pre-existing respiratory conditions, should limit strenuous outdoor activity during these months. Conversely, the wetter months of November and December generally offer the best air quality for outdoor pursuits. Fog, common during cooler months, can also trap pollutants, reducing visibility and impacting respiratory health. Monitoring wind direction is crucial, as winds from agricultural areas will carry higher pollutant loads.