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Paranavaí, nestled in the northwestern region of Paraná state, Brazil, occupies a unique geographic position within the Paraná Basin. The city sits at an elevation of approximately 380 meters (1247 feet), characterized by gently undulating terrain typical of the region’s plateau landscape. This topography, while not mountainous, influences local wind patterns and can contribute to temperature inversions, trapping pollutants during calm weather. The surrounding landscape is dominated by extensive agricultural lands, primarily soybean, corn, and wheat cultivation, alongside areas of *cerrado* vegetation – a tropical savanna ecosystem. The Ivaí River flows nearby, providing a crucial water source but also potentially influencing humidity levels and localized microclimates. Paranavaí functions as a regional hub for agricultural processing and trade, leading to moderate industrial activity concentrated around the urban core. The urban-rural gradient is relatively sharp, with a noticeable increase in population density and infrastructure towards the city center. Dust from agricultural activities, particularly during dry seasons, is a significant factor impacting baseline air quality. The city’s location, further inland from coastal influences, results in a more continental climate with pronounced seasonal variations, impacting pollutant dispersion.

Paranavaí experiences a distinct wet and dry season pattern, heavily influencing air quality. The dry season, typically from May to September, sees a significant reduction in rainfall and increased dust resuspension from agricultural lands. This period often corresponds with higher levels of particulate matter, especially PM10, due to farming activities like harvesting and land preparation. Calm winds during these months exacerbate the issue, allowing pollutants to accumulate. October and November bring the transition to the wet season, with increased rainfall gradually washing away accumulated dust and improving air quality. However, the onset of rains can also lead to increased humidity and potential for fungal spore dispersal. December to March represents the wet season peak, generally offering the best air quality due to rainfall cleansing the atmosphere and increased vegetation growth. However, intense rainfall events can contribute to localized flooding and mold growth indoors. April sees a gradual return to drier conditions. Sensitive individuals, such as those with respiratory conditions, should be particularly cautious during the dry season (May-September) and consider limiting strenuous outdoor activity. Monitoring local weather patterns is crucial for informed decision-making.